Bryan Young

Ashamed of the Church: Calling is a post in the series “Ashamed of the Church.” The series follows my Lenten vow to honestly, yet respectfully, express my opinions and criticism of Christians and the Church. You’ll want to read the introductory post.

Calling 1. a strong inner impulse toward a particular course of action especially when accompanied by conviction of divine influence. 2. the vocation or profession in which one customarily engages. (Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2010)

It has become one of the most overused words in contemporary Christian culture. I almost can’t sit through a 20 minute sermon or spiritual conversation without the word being used. Most everyone clamors “what is my calling?”

One of the most obsessive things about us Christians is constantly wanting to know God’s will for our lives. I can’t say I blame us for getting excited about it. I mean, it’s almost like knowing the future, right under knowing the next winning lottery numbers and hot stock picks. Ironically, if we’ve read and understood the bible, we pretty much know God’s will for our lives. If not, the Westminster Shorter Catechism sums it up fairly well: “Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy Him forever.”

I believe some churches unknowingly (or perhaps some knowingly) capitalize on a person’s desire to know their “calling.” They provide all manner of classes, resources, and counseling to help people discover how they are “wired”. Then at the end of the program, they provide them with a listing of opportunities to use their personality and the gifts they discovered. Usually that list is exclusively volunteer opportunities in their organization and ones they’re affiliated with. “Nothing strikes you as ‘you?’ Try something. Anything.” And when they find out they don’t fit into any of their predetermined boxes? When they find out they are a square peg and all they have are round holes? Silence truly is deafening. I’m ashamed of that.

Recently, I was interested in a mission trip that will be taking place this fall. I attended the initial meeting, signed up for more information and got a few of the emails. The last mass email went something like this : “If you are no longer feeling called…” To me that implied they only wanted “called” people to go. I didn’t so I honored their wishes and excused myself. I’m wishing I hadn’t but I believe those words were a critical mistake for them.

Five years ago, I took my first mission trip. I was looking for my “calling” and several people suggested I might give it a try. “But which one? ” I asked. They said “Just pick one and go to the information meeting.” I picked the coolest one on the list. It was a trip to the desert of North Africa to encourage a full-time missionary there and help her build relationships with the people while riding camels and camping the desert. Honestly I would have done that for vacation and, well, that’s what bothered me. I didn’t want to take a “vacation for Jesus” as I’d seen others do. I struggled. I prayed. I heard nothing.

So, as the deadline loomed and I needed to make a decision, I called a friend who spent two years in China as a missionary. I asked him “Why China?” He began talking to me about the Great Commission. I stopped him and said “I know that. Why China?” He started talking about the 10-40 window. I stopped him again and said “I know that. Why China?” Finally he said “Jesus, in the Great Commission, asked all of us to go and make disciples. But I went specifically to China because someone challenged me to quit my job and be a missionary in China for a year. I trusted God that if He didn’t want me to go, He’d stop me.”

And so that’s what I did. I trusted God that He would stop me. I went to the training classes for 10 weeks at a time very inconvenient for me. When I needed to fill out the lengthy application, I did. When they asked me for a deposit for plane tickets, I wrote the check. And when they talked about the rest of the money, I could have written a check for that. I was encouraged not to, but to ask for support. I hate asking anyone for anything. One of the others sent almost 100 letters asking for support. I sent 10 and said to God “If any of these people believes in me and what I’m doing enough to send me $1, I will pay the rest myself.” My God is awesome. I didn’t have to write any more checks. So I went and am glad I did. Out of everything that happened (which is the subject for another post), I got one of the greatest gifts I’ve ever received, learned one of the greatest lessons of my life.

Christians believe that man was made in the image of God. The scriptures say we are wonderfully and fearfully made. And yet we are taught (by churches) to distrust our heart and our desires. I’m ashamed of that. Psalms 37:4 says “Delight yourself in the LORD, and He will give you the desires of your heart”. The lesson I learned was this: If I’m truly enjoying God, then I shouldn’t distrust my heart or my desires, because He made my heart and He put those desires there. And if God has something specific for me to do, he’ll let me know. Just ask Moses. Or Jonah. Or Paul. God didn’t give me my calling. God gave me my freedom.

Photo credit: markhillary

Ashamed of the Church: Trump cards is a post in the series “Ashamed of the Church.” The series follows my Lenten vow to honestly, yet respectfully, express my opinions and criticism of Christians and the Church. You’ll want to read the introductory post.

We all love to get those trump cards when we’re playing a card game, don’t we? It means that for one round of the game no one can challenge us. Isn’t it empowering to know that, for one moment, you don’t have to answer to anyone?

I believe Christians and the Church are guilty of using God as a trump card in life. A difficult decision has to be made. It’s a close call and likely an unpopular one. An elder board decides to proceed with an unpopular building project (and questionable financing plans), a pastor wants a more contemporary service or to divert money from a debt reduction fund for ministry. Sometimes rather than explain the reasoning and persuade people, it’s just easier to say that God told us to do it, isn’t it? After all, who of us wants to question the decision maker on his relationship with God or whether He spoke to them and in what manner?

I wish it were limited to Church decisions, but it isn’t. A young lady wants to move somewhere else but she’s bound by the remaining 10 months on her lease agreement. So rather than pay the penalty or throw herself on the mercy of the landlord and offer to help find another tenant, it’s just easier to claim God told her to break the lease in a session of prayer. Somehow it’s simpler to break our promises if we can claim God told us to do it. After all, if we had our way we’d follow through but we need to be obedient to God. Right?

A guy decides to move and change jobs. He’s leaving a successful career behind and taking a major pay cut. His friends think he’s crazy, so it’s just easier for him to claim a mandate from God. After all, to explain to his family and friends that he comes alive in that vocation, that it would do his heart good, well that’s just being selfish isn’t it?

A discussion of this behavior came up in the comments of a friend’s blog post and one of the commenters rightly labeled it as the sin of using God’s name in vain. Unfortunately it has become quite prevalent among those identifying with Jesus and I’m ashamed of that. It is almost to the point that upon hearing someone say that God told them to do something, I begin to question their motives and distrust them. Are they being sincere, or just wrapping up their own agenda in Holy language in hopes they will not be challenged?

Do not misunderstand me. I believe that God can and does guide and speak to His people. But because there are so many other forces trying to influence us (the self, our enemy, marketers, etc), it takes incredible discernment to truly hear God’s voice and know it is Him. Developing that discernment I believe begins with the reading and study of scripture and extends into solitude and prayer. I suspect if we truly embraced these spiritual disciplines, we would hear much less of people attaching God’s name in support of matters to which He is indifferent.

Have you ever made a difficult decision based on hearing from God? Were you challenged on your decision and how did you respond?

Photo credit: bram_app

Ashamed of the Church: Disrepect is a post in the series “Ashamed of the Church.” The series follows my Lenten vow to honestly, yet respectfully, express my opinions and criticism of Christians and the Church. You’ll want to read the introductory post.

Recently, I attended the Music City Bowl in Nashville with some friends. As we walked towards LP Field on the pedestrian bridge, we approached a few men holding signs and shouting.  As I got closer and could read their signs and hear their shouts, my heart sank. These were street preachers telling people as they passed they were going to hell. Not one word spoken about grace or forgiveness. Honestly, it was all I could do to maintain my composure.

Before I met Jesus, I dismissed these people as wackos. Shortly after I met Jesus, I thought they were spreading the Gospel. Now I believe they do great damage to it and here’s why I think so:

• These men made the assumption that I (and everyone else passing by them) was not a follower of Jesus. I didn’t know these men and they did not know the paths I had walked with Jesus.  Frankly, I doubt they cared.  They judged me without even asking my name.
• They decided that the best way to introduce me to Jesus was to tell me I was going to hell.  Loudly.  Graphically. In front of hundreds of people.  In short, they had no respect for the very soul they were trying to “save”.

Now, I don’t want to come off as against evangelism. Jesus gives us a very clear commandment in Matthew to “go and make disciples”. I’m not even against street preaching, done respectfully. Jonah certainly preached an unpopular message as he walked through Ninevah. But Jonah was a reluctant messenger. He spent 3 days in the belly of a whale because he wouldn’t even set foot in Ninevah.  As I’ve read the scriptures, its true that I see Jesus talking with people about unpopular subjects. Yet He always respected people and their decisions enough to let them walk away. For sure He got angry, yelled and shouted at people. But He reserved that for the Pharisees and the scribes.  The righteous who should know better.  Church people.

Some Christians have so beaten themselves up about being bold and courageous, they’ve mistaken the command for “go and piss people off” in the name of Jesus.

What are your experiences with Christians and street preachers that have been respectful?  Have you ever encountered situations such as I’ve described?  How did you handle it?

Photo credit: fmerenda

I’m ashamed of the Church. I am not ashamed of Jesus nor am I ashamed of the Gospel.  As today is Ash Wednesday, I’ve decided to give up the censoring filter over my critical thoughts about Christians and the Church.

You are likely familiar with the traditional Christian observance of Lent, the 40 days prior to Easter. During this time, many Christian traditions encourage the faithful to give something up for the season as a way of remembering what Jesus did (and continues to do) for them. My particular denomination doesn’t encourage this, but I took up the practice a few years ago and have found it helpful to me.

I couldn’t think of anything to give up this year. Then the idea struck me that I could give up being critical of Christians and the Church. Something about that didn’t feel right.  Most of those thoughts never become public. Then I thought, what would happen if I stopped censoring those thoughts and let them fly? At first it was just funny, but the more I thought about it, the more it made sense. Perhaps something I say with be convicting and be a loving intervention. Perhaps I will learn to express myself better in critical situations. Perhaps my heart will change.

So over the next 40 days, expect to see entries here detailing some of my disappointments with Christians and with the Church.  And I invite you into conversation about them.

If you know Jesus, please know first of all that my relationship with Jesus is strong and is not wavering. Second, it is not my intent to attack or tear down, but to express my honest opinions and build up. I’ll be basing these writings on my own experiences (9 years as a church member/regular attender and 4 years as a volunteer/leader in ministry), but try to be general enough that I don’t embarrass anyone.  If I touch a nerve and you believe I’m referring to you specifically, send me a note.  If it involves you, I’ll expound upon those thoughts with you privately.

If you do not know Jesus, please do not allow anything I say to push you away from Him. The Church is a family of sorts and as such, has disagreements. Do not necessarily follow the followers of Jesus.  Follow Jesus Himself.

UPDATE 2/18/2010:  The opinions I express here are my own on the church and Christian culture in the United States.  They do not represent those of any group I’m affiliated with. And I am a member of a great church, even though we disagree on minor, non-doctrinal issues at times.

Photo credit: claudinec

photo credit: Nashville Scene

Years ago, a young, bright eyed high school senior watched Pump up the Volume and heard Leonard Cohen’s deep, husky voice for the first time. That young teenager was me. Since then I have followed his music and writings more than any other artist. Only a few short months ago, I listed Leonard as one of my all time favorites. I had garnered hope of seeing this 75 year old singer/songwriter/poet/philosopher last year when he began his first tour in 15 years. I didn’t make it to Austin or Chicago though. But I nearly jumped through the ceiling when I learned he added a date in Nashville to his Fall 2009 schedule. I turned back flips when I got tickets for the 8th row of TPAC’s Andrew Jackson Hall.

Leonard was gracious both to the audience and to his band members. He frequently started his songs during the first set singing on his knees to the audience. He became a member of the audience by focusing intently on each of his band member’s solos. And honestly, someone could write a thesis on this world class band performance.

My heart pounded through Everybody Knows, Hallelujah, So Long Marianne, I’m Your Man, Bird on a Wire, If It Be Your Will, and In My Secret Life. I dare say, after a 3 hour performance including 3 encores, no one left unhappy.

Others who wrote more eloquently than I
Leonard Cohen the sage, better than ever (and Dylan) at 75 Steve Haruch, Nashville Scene
Leonard Cohen at TPAC’s Jackson Hall, 11/5/09 The Spin, Nashville Cream, Nashville Scene
Updated: Leonard Cohen shares smiles, lessons and music at TPAC Peter Cooper, TuneInMusicCity, The Tennessean
Leonard Cohen TPAC 2009 Margaret Elizabeth
leonardcohenforums.com Review Thread

My personal favorite was from the Haruch advance piece

His songs sound like works of great labor, and even as a relatively young man, he sang in a voice that was knowing and a little forlorn—an old soul trying to get laid and figure out who God is at the same time.

Mr. Cohen recounted that he lived here in Tennessee in the 1970s, renting a cabin on 1,500 acres near Franklin for $75/month from songwriter Boudleaux Bryant. What a magical place I live in.

Honestly, I don’t know how Mr. Cohen and his band of world class musicians exceeded my already monumental expectations. I must say this was the best concert I have ever heard. I’m still floating. Did I dream this?

If you’ve never listened to or heard of him, allow me to recommend a few songs:

In My Secret Life
Hallelujah
If It Be Your Will

and to acknowledge the Red Headed Stranger whose voice was warming the Ryman Auditorium at the same time a mere 4 blocks away (and to which I also bought tickets and had to choose)
Willie Nelson covering Cohen’s Bird on a Wire

Linus Hall is a hero of mine. You may not know the name, but Middle Tennessee residents have at least seen the fruits of his labor. Many of them drink it. Linus is the proprietor of the Nashville original Yazoo Brew.

Linus was a young quality engineer for a major tire manufacturer headquartered in Middle Tennessee that sounds like Flintstone. He’d been homebrewing for several years and made so much he gave it away. And they liked it! So after much debate with his wife, he began the process of starting a brewery.

The first step was to quit his job. His steady paycheck gone, Linus completed an MBA at Vanderbilt Owen School of Management, a craftbrewing degree from the American Brewer’s Guild and an internship with the Brooklyn Brewery.

In 2003, he signed a lease on space in the old Marathon Motor Works building and acquired brewing equipment. Six years later, Yazoo Brew is a rousting success. A Yazoo tap has a place in most every restaurant and bar in Nashville. Yazoo bottled beer occupies shelf space in Nashville area Kroger, Publix, Walmart and Whole Foods stores. They operate a small tap room with limited hours that Nashville Scene readers voted Best Underground Happy Hour (shhh, don’t tell).

It’s taken 6 years, but Yazoo has outgrown it’s space in Marathon Motor Works. It’s a good problem to have. Linus is in the process of building out a new facility in the Gulch, giving them ample room to expand operations. I’m looking forward to many a cold one and the new concotions from the new facility.

My personal favorite Yazoos are the Sly Rye Porter and the Hefeweizen (fresh from the tap). The chocolaty porter is my favorite cool weather beer. And for cooling down in hot weather, it’s none other than the fruity Hefe.

If you’re a beer lover and visiting Nashville, stop by the tap room, try it at a restaurant, or buy a six pack. You’ll be glad you did. And if you don’t, I’ll buy one for you.

And why is Linus a hero of mine? Because he quit his steady paycheck to follow his dream.

Be sure to check out

• Yazoo Brew’s blog
• Forbes article on craftbrewing that interviews Linus
• Tennessean article on the new facility and here.
• Yazoo on Twitter here and here

This is a post of Favorites Friday. Each Friday, I share some of my favorite music, writing, movies… anything that’s a favorite of mine.

Borrowing words sung by Alan Jackson and George Strait, “they’ve committed murder, down on Music Row.” And while Nashville’s Music Row has favored “pop” country for years, many newer artists like Brad Paisley have a healthy respect for traditional country music.

Not on Broadway where no “honkytonk” consistently delivers traditional country anymore. The old haunts in the area of the former home of the Grand Ole Opry and the Mother Church of Country Music (the Ryman Auditorium) have mostly abandoned the style. All except Robert’s Western World that is. Each Friday and Saturday night from 10pm to 2am you’ll hear their house band, Brazilbilly (traditional country music with a Latin flair). And the place is always packed.

If you want to hear covers of Marty Robbins, Johnny Cash, and Hank Williams Sr and music inspired by them, Brazilbilly is your band. Check out some of their music below.

• Gene “Pappy” Merritts, 80, plays fiddle, mandolin, bass and guitar. “Pappy” has had the distinction of playing with Patsy Cline, Dottie West, and Bill Monroe. And he really makes his fiddle sing.  “Pappy” also plays with John England and the Western Swingers on Mondays at Roberts.
• David Tanner plays doghouse bass. David gave up his successful career as an attorney in Indiana to move to Nashville and pursue his music career. He also fronts his own band, Fifty Five Eleven in E.
• Chris Casello plays lap steel and electric guitar for Brazilbilly. Chris also plays with his own group, the Starlight Drifters.
• Jesse Lee Jones is “the Brazilian Hillbilly” and sings vocals and plays rhythm guitar and percussion for Brazilbilly. Jesse Lee was born and raised in Sao Paulo, Brazil and absorbed the vivid musical influence of that culture. But in 1984, he left Brazil for the United States without knowing a word of English. After spending about 10 years in Atlanta and Peoria, Illinois, Jesse Lee came to Nashville in 1994 where he worked scrubbing the decks of the General Jackson. From his first gig at the Stoney’s Inn at Opryland he ended up on Broadway where Robert recognized his talent and helped him put a band together for regular gigs. From these humble beginnings to leader of the house band and part owner of Robert’s Western World, Jesse Lee has come a long way baby.

Here’s a couple of the MP3’s from their website.
Big Iron
If That’s What’s In Your Heart

Brazilbilly page at Robert’s
Brazilbilly Myspace Music
Brazilbilly Myspace

Brazilbilly and Robert’s Western World are absolutely musts for visitors to Nashville. What are your must see regular music performances?

This is a post of Favorites Friday. Each Friday, I share some of my favorite music, writing, movies… anything that’s a favorite of mine.

Welcome to the inaugural post of Favorites Friday. Each Friday, I’ll share some of my favorite music, writing, movies… anything that’s a favorite of mine.
I was first introduced to Leonard Cohen through the soundtrack of the early 90’s movie Pump Up the Volume starring Christian Slater. Leonard’s raspy voice belting out Everybody Knows spoke to me as an 17 year old high school senior. The lyrics seems to sum up all I knew about the world at the time. Since, that song has been successfully covered by Rufus Wainwright, Concrete Blonde (their version is also on the soundtrack) and Don Henley and yet nothing substitutes for Leonard’s own rendition. I didn’t know at the time this poet was older than my own father.

Leonard has done much of what I suspect would do me good.

• Spent time with Janis Joplin
• Study religion in a monastery
• Dated Rebecca De Mornay

During a recent tribute, I’m Your Man, Teddy Thompson covered another fantastic song which sometimes I find myself singing as I remember someone that was special to me. Interesting though, that someone hated Leonard’s music until I pointed out his music on the soundtrack one of her favorite movies, Shrek. Can you find the song he wrote?

The rest of the tribute-mentary is fantastic and includes other performances by Rufus Wainright, Nick Cave and Bono.

Leonard Cohen wiki

What other less known artists have influenced you?

As I write this, I’ve just finished working all day preparing for a small gathering at my home to celebrate Independence Day. As I was cutting the grass, I pondered the words of Ben Franklin who was asked at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention what sort of government we had.  He  replied “A republic, if you can keep it.” And then the irony stuck me. Franklin, Washington, Jefferson, Adams, and the rest of our founding fathers risked their lives for liberty that we willingly cede to our government every day.  Today, we only dream of the freedom of our founding fathers.  King George must be smiling.

The mere fact that Americans didn’t take to the courts and the streets (as we’ve recently seen in Iran) over the bailouts (and fascition)  of our financial and automotive industries makes me believe we’re losing our republic. There’s an old-fashioned term for these types of “investments”. It used to be called theft to take something from someone against their will, even to give it to another. As Congress is poised to seize more power over our healthcare industry and enact an invisible tax on energy, we celebrate Independence Day. Independence from what? Independence from the fruits of our labor? Independence from thinking for ourselves?  Independence from liberty?

Please don’t misunderstand me. I wish to honor our founding fathers and those who sacrificed for us. Looking at the United States today, I would say their sacrifice was in vain. I hope I am wrong.  Take a moment and read the Declaration of Independence.  If you agree with our founding fathers and believe that our government strayed from these principles long ago, speak your mind and get involved.

IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.–Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

The 56 signatures on the Declaration appear in the positions indicated:

Column 1
Georgia:
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton

Column 2
North Carolina:
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina:
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Arthur Middleton

Column 3
Massachusetts:
John Hancock
Maryland:
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia:
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson, Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton

Column 4
Pennsylvania:
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware:
Caesar Rodney
George Read
Thomas McKean

Column 5
New York:
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey:
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark

Column 6
New Hampshire:
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Massachusetts:
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island:
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut:
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New Hampshire:
Matthew Thornton